History of Afghanistan

Known as the "Crossroads of Central Asia," Afghanistan's history is a complex narrative of ancient empires, strategic importance, and resilient people.

Ancient Era (3000 BCE - 600 CE)

A hub on the ancient Silk Road. Alexander the Great, the Mauryan Empire, and the Kushan Empire left deep cultural and religious marks, including the spread of Buddhism.

Islamic Era (7th - 18th Century)

Introduction of Islam. Rise of the Ghaznavid, Ghorid, and Timurid empires. Herat becomes a world-renowned center of arts and sciences in the 15th century.

The Durrani Empire (1747)

Ahmad Shah Durrani founds the modern state of Afghanistan, unifying disparate tribes into a centralized kingdom.

The Great Game (19th Century)

Afghanistan becomes a buffer state in the strategic rivalry between the British Empire and the Russian Empire. Three Anglo-Afghan wars follow.

Full Independence (1919 - 1973)

Afghanistan gains full independence from British influence. Period of relative modernization and stability under King Amanullah and later Zahir Shah.

Modern Era (1978 - 2021)

Decades of conflict including the Soviet invasion, civil war, the first Taliban era, and the 20-year international presence following 2001.

Current Governance (2021 - Present)

Return of the Taliban to power in August 2021. The country faces severe economic challenges and significant shifts in legal and social structures.

Sources & Verification

Last updated: February 22, 2026